Abstract

Research Article

Molecular analysis of immunoglobulins related to Salmonella typhi in pediatric patients

Farah Qudsia, Muhammad Rehan and Samreen Riaz*

Published: 24 April, 2020 | Volume 4 - Issue 1 | Pages: 005-010

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. It is of major concern in tropical regions of the world. Highest episodes of typhoid fever occur in Asia i.e.93%. Early diagnosis of the disease is mandatory to lower the mortality rate associated with it as well as to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance by Salmonella typhi. Research work was conducted in Immunology Department of the Children’s Hospital, Lahore for the period of one year including a total of 60 patients suspected of having typhoid fever. Serum samples of these patients were tested for typhidot IgG and IgM antibodies as well as for the antibodies against TO and TH antigens using Widal test. Of the total 60 patients, 10 (16.7%) were positive for both typhidot IgG and IgM, 16 (26.7%) were positive for typhidot IgM, 3 (5%) were Positive for typhidot IgG and 31 (51.66%) were negative for both typhidot IgG and IgM. Reading the results of Widal test, 8 (13.33%) were positive for Widal TO and TH antigens, 3 (5%) were positive for Widal TO antigen, 19 (31.7%) were positive for Widal TH antigen and 30 (50%) were negative for Widal TO and TH antigens. IgM is positive at the early stage of acute typhoid fever, IgM along with IgG positive means the middle stage of acute illness. The detection of only IgG cannot discriminate between acute and convalescent phases as it can stay in the serum for at least 2 years or more. The typhidot test is much helpful for the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever as compared to Widal test which is still being used in some set ups in poor countries, although has become mostly obsolete. By testing the rise of IgM and IgG antibodies against Salmonella typhi, we can detect the infection at early and late stages, respectively

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.apcr.1001017 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Febril illness; typhidot; Widal; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M

References

  1. Crump JA, Sjölund KM, Gordon MA, Parry CM. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, antimicrobial resistance, and antimicrobial management of invasive Salmonella infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015; 28: 901-937. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26180063
  2. De Jong HK, Achouiti A, Koh GC, Parry CM, et al. Expression and function of S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) in human typhoid fever and the murine Salmonella model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015; 9: e0003663. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25860480
  3. Typhoid: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. 2015.
  4. Steele AD, Hay Burgess DC, Diaz Z, Carey ME, Zaidi AK. Challenges and opportunities for typhoid fever control: a call for coordinated action. Clini Infect Dis. 2016; 62: S4-S8. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26933019
  5. Ayub U, Khattak AA, Saleem A, Javed F, Siddiqui N, et al. Incidence of typhoid fever in Islamabad, Pakistan. Am-Eurasian J Toxicol Sci. 2015; 7: 220-223.
  6. Akullian A, Ng’eno E, Matheson AI, Cosmas L, Macharia D, et al. Environmental transmission of typhoid fever in an urban slum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015; 9: e0004212. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26633656
  7. Mehmood K, Sundus A, Naqvi IH, Ibrahim MF, Siddique O, et al. typhidot-A blessing or a menace. Pak J Med Sci. 2015; 31: 439-443. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26101507
  8. Kumar KS, Suganya M, Sathyamurthi B, Anandan H. Reliability of typhidot Rapid Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G in the diagnosis of Typhoid fever. Int J Sci Study. 2016; 4: 256-259.
  9. Khan MN, Shafee M, Hussain K, Samad A, Awan MA, et al. Typhoid fever in paediatric patients in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2013; 29: 929-932. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353661
  10. Prasad K, Oberoi J, Goel N, Wattal C. Comparative evaluation of two rapid Salmonella-IgM tests and blood culture in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2015; 33: 237-242. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25865974/
  11. Krishna S, Desai S, Anjana V, Paranthaaman R. typhidot (IgM) as a reliable and rapid diagnostic test for typhoid fever. Annals Tropi Med Public Health. 2011; 4: 42.
  12. Muthaiyan J, Moomin MRA, Varadarajan P, Jayachandran G. A comparative study of typhidot test and Widal test with the culture-positive typhoid fever in children. Cough. 2016; 15: 57.
  13. Keddy KH, Sooka A, Letsoalo ME, Hoyland G, Chaignat CL, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of typhoid fever rapid antibody tests for laboratory diagnosis at two sub-Saharan African sites. Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 640-647. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21897484
  14. Jindal N, Bansal R, Grover P, Malhotra R, Singh S. Rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever–a comparative study of typhidot and widal test. Int J Bioassays. 2014; 3: 3438-3440.
  15. Mitra R, Kumar N, Trigunayat A, Bhan S. New advances in the rapid diagnosis of typhoid fever. African J Microbiol Res. 2010; 4:1747-1753.
  16. Jaffery G, Anwar SM, Hussain W, Maqbool S. Serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in children: a comparative evaluation of Salmonella typhi O-9 antigen based rapid essay. 2005.
  17. Buigut JA. Evaluation of widal tube dilution and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosing typhoid fever at a referral hospital in Kenya. Moi University. 2015.
  18. Choo K, Davis T, Ismail A, Ibrahim TT, Ghazali W. Rapid and reliable serological diagnosis of enteric fever: comparative sensitivity and specificity of typhidot and typhidot-M tests in febrile Malaysian children. Acta Trop. 1999; 72:175-183. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10206117
  19. Jesudason M, Esther E, Mathai E. typhidot test to detect IgG & IgM antibodies in typhoid fever. Indian J Med Res. 2002; 116: 70-72. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12592993
  20. Olsen SJ, Pruckler J, Bibb W, Thanh NTM, Trinh TM, et al. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid fever. J Clini Microbiol. 2004; 42:1885-1889. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15131144
  21. Sherwal B, Dhamija R, Randhawa V, Jais M, Kaintura A, et al. A comparative study of typhidot M and widal test in patients of Typhoid fever. J Indian Academy Clini Med. 2004; 5.
  22. Yadav K, Yadav SK, Parihar G. A comparative study of typhidot and Widal test for rapid diagnosis of Typhoid fever. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2015; 4: 34-38.

Figures:

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 1

Figure 3

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

  • Pattern of Eye Disease in Nenwe Rural Eye Clinic, Nigeria: A Seven Year Review
    Nnenna Maureen Ozioko*, Nkiru Mary Okoloagu, Emmanuel Sunday Onah and Catherine Nnenna Maureen Ozioko*, Nkiru Mary Okoloagu, Emmanuel Sunday Onah, Catherine. Pattern of Eye Disease in Nenwe Rural Eye Clinic, Nigeria: A Seven Year Review. Int J Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.ijceo.1001056; 8: 004-015
  • Retinopathy of prematurity - Intersibling divergence of risk factors among twins
    Sudeep Navule Siddappa*, Kavitha Chikknayakanahalli Venugopal, Pavana Acharya and Tintu Susan Joy Sudeep Navule Siddappa*,Kavitha Chikknayakanahalli Venugopal,Pavana Acharya ,Tintu Susan Joy . Retinopathy of prematurity - Intersibling divergence of risk factors among twins. Int J Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020: doi: 10.29328/journal.ijceo.1001026; 4: 009-011
  • Effectiveness of levocetirizine in treating allergic rhinitis while retaining work efficiency
    Dabholkar Yogesh, Shah Tanush, Rathod Roheet, Paspulate Akhila, Veligandla Krishna Chaitanya, Rathod Rahul, Devesh Kumar Joshi* and Kotak Bhavesh Dabholkar Yogesh, Shah Tanush, Rathod Roheet, Paspulate Akhila, Veligandla Krishna Chaitanya, Rathod Rahul, Devesh Kumar Joshi*, Kotak Bhavesh. Effectiveness of levocetirizine in treating allergic rhinitis while retaining work efficiency. Arch Asthma Allergy Immunol. 2023: doi: 10.29328/journal.aaai.1001031; 7: 005-011
  • Hepatic Pseudolymphoma Mimicking Neoplasia in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Case Report
    Jeremy Hassoun, Aurélie Bornand, Alexis Ricoeur, Giulia Magini, Nicolas Goossens and Laurent Spahr* Jeremy Hassoun,Aurélie Bornand,Alexis Ricoeur,Giulia Magini,Nicolas Goossens,Laurent Spahr*. Hepatic Pseudolymphoma Mimicking Neoplasia in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Case Report. Arch Case Rep. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.acr.1001115; 8: 152-155
  • Other Applications of Amniotic Membranes: Case Series
    Linda Guerrero* Linda Guerrero*. Other Applications of Amniotic Membranes: Case Series. Arch Case Rep. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.acr.1001117; 8: 159-162

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?